Issue 1, 1998

This paper studies the features of mathematic and statistic methods implemented in firm managing, due to the changes in the period of economy's restructuring on market principles. There is a parallel examination of the basic conditions of macroeconomics, sectoral and firm's environment modelling. A concept for firm's behaviour and main requirements about its modelling is given. The functional scheme of relations „firm-market" has been constructed and analyzed.

In this research the model of annual production cycle of the economic activity takes central place. The linear straight (operative) production function and the reverse (plan) one are taken out and with their help are analytically determinated the profitable market prices of products, resources and services.

The benefit is functionally constructed as a main criterion for profitable firm production activity on the base of the roles and norms in the Law for Economic Activity, Law for Accountancy and National Account­ancy Plan, Law for Taxation and oth­ers.

In the research are formulated adequate conditions for full and partial production profit regarding:

• the prices of products and serv­ices and
• the prices of labour, technological and material resources which have been consumed.

The simplex interpreting of the adequate conditions for full and partial profit is used for formulation of the main arguments and conclusions regarding the boundary values of transformation from the field of full to the field of incomplete and partial price profit and vice versa.

The research examines the problem concerning the optimization of firms' trade activity profit considering the behavior of the managing personnel caused by the important inflation processes in the transition to market economy. The offered decision is based on a leaner optimization model in which is taken in consideration the behavior of the managing personnel and also an original algorithm for its application.

The study deal with main regional characteristics as employed persons, available technical and social infrastructure by regions. Main ecological indicators for the air, soil, water and the radiation environment are estimated. Special attentions were given to the economic, human and nature potentials of the regions which are characterised by estimating of bunch of indicators.
On the bases of the determined tendency of changing of the above regional characteristics and the estimated potential of the regions were observed the possibilities for regional policy in the condition of transition to market economy.
The observed problematic is becoming quite actual in the new role that is playing the needs of starting of the structural reforms by regions.

The paper carries out the problem of economic aspects of technology change as an alternativeless priority in the strat­egy of getting out of the crisis. The provided analysis shows that Bulgarian economy has lost its technological ca­pability by leaps and bounds. Financial sources as stimulus for technology change are absent, there is a clear ten­dency of decapitalisation of the economy. The financial environment does not mobilise the limited sources. The normative base is antagonistic and does not create conditions for planning and realising innovative strategies.
The paper offers proposals for improving the financial environment as well as the normative base in order to create conditions for technology change taking into account the German experi­ence. In this connection a variant of 15 years national programme for mobilis­ing resources for technology change is proposed.
The formulated measures would help in elaboration of a concept and programmes for technology change in the Bulgarian economy.

The fiscal policy, stimulating the pro­ducers towards reduction of environmen­tal pollution, includes subsidies, tax re­lieves, fees, charges, environmental taxes etc. instruments.
If the subsidies stimulate the implementation of environmental friendly decisions and lead to acquisition of lower cost consuming results, there are no reasons not to be considered as economic instruments of regulation. The sanctions degree has to correspond of the real damages of the pollution. The effective implementation of taxation is possible if the tax mechanism is integrated as a whole in the financial system. The system of indirect taxes should be used to a greater extend before implementation of new taxes and charges. The restructuring of indirect taxes has to be combined with the elasticity of the demand of commodi­ties. The introduction of tradeable per­mits can create some distortions in the newly established market mechanisms of the transition economy, especially if the shares are already distributed and can limit the including of some new enter­prises and lower the competition quality. Despite of the difficulties of the market transition the fiscal instrument for envi­ronmental protection regulation in their unity and interrelation can bring to a posi­tive effect in the process of economy ecologization.

The proposed paper considers certain aspects of Germany's environmental policy since 1975. Special attention is paid to the main tendencies in the dynamic of state and manufacturing industries environmental expenditure and investments as well as to the structure of environmental protection financing. The main sources of funds for environmental protection are dwelled upon. We argue that the issue of environmental expenditures level is closely linked with the more effective use of the financial recourses. Our study further analyses the problem of the application of economic instruments in environmental policy. We focus attention on the possibility of using the price mechanism and some financial and economic tools to carry out environmental objectives. We dwell at length on the specific features and results of the use of environmental taxes and charges, of deposit and return systems and of subsidies for environmental protection activities.
We come to the conclusion that an effective environmental policy does not merely require a constant increase of funding. It is likewise intimately linked with changes in economic incentives to induce ecologically conscious behavioural patterns.

The main research objective is the de­velopment and validation of a conceptional model of an improvement of the Monetary-credit Institutions and the sys­tem of instruments for an influence and control of the state share in order to achieve an efficient enterprise manage­ment into a transition to a market economy. The following basic problems are to be solved in order the men­tioned above objective to be practically concluded:

• The analysis of the Monetary-credit   Institution   models   and   the instrumental sets for an influence and control of the state share in countries with an advanced state enterprise;
• Validation of the necessity for creation   and   development   of the Monetary-credit  Institutions  and  the
  system of instruments for an influence and  control  of the  state  share   in Bulgarian enterprises;
• The proposition for developing and more efficient functioning of the monetary   institution   system   and
  instruments for an influence and control of the state share.

The following ideas are grounded in the conseptual model of an improvement of the Monetary-credit Institutions and the system of instruments for influence and control of the state share:

• The choice of one or another model for control of the state share is a matter of advisability. The model is executed in conditions of a semi-market economy, so the simple adapting of a well functioning model of a country with an advanced market economy is not advisible.
• The model of Monetary-credit Institutions and the instrumental set solves the problem, consisting of three
  parts: 1. Fast reconstruction of the state share; 2. Efficient administration of the enterprises' state share; 3. Changes in
  the state enterprise in order to create the required conditions for an integration of Bulgarian economy and
  EC market.
• The national and the branch objectives, priorities and strategies are to be corporate objectives, priorities
  and strategies without offending the enterprise management independence.
• The provision of an efficient interaction between the private and state share enterprises.